High-Accuracy Classification of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with L2, 1-Norm Linear Discriminant Analysis

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a high incidence of neurobehavioral disease in school-age children. Its neurobiological classification is meaningful for clinicians. The existing ADHD classification methods suffer from two problems, i.e., insufficient data and noise disturbance. Here, a high-accuracy classification method is proposed, which uses brain Functional Connectivity (FC) as material for ADHD feature analysis. In detail, we introduce a binary hypothesis testing framework as the classification outline to cope with insufficient data of ADHD database. Under binary hypotheses, the FCs of test data are allowed to use for training and thus affect the subspace learning of training data. To overcome noise disturbance, an l <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2,1</sub> -norm LDA model is adopted to robustly learn ADHD features in subspaces. The subspace energies of training data under binary hypotheses are then calculated, and an energy-based comparison is finally performed to identify ADHD individuals. On the platform of ADHD-200 database, the experiments show our method outperforms other state-of-the-art methods with the significant average accuracy of 97.6%.