Improving RNN Transducer Modeling for Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting

Abstract

The recurrent neural network transducer (RNN-T) model has been proved effective for keyword spotting (KWS) recently. However, compared with cross-entropy (CE) or connectionist temporal classification (CTC) based models, the additional prediction network in the RNN-T model increases the model size and computational cost. Besides, since the keyword training data usually only contain the keyword sequence, the prediction network might has over-fitting problems. In this paper, we improve the RNN-T modeling for small-footprint keyword spotting in three aspects. First, to address the over-fitting issue, we explore multi-task training where a CTC loss is added to the encoder. The CTC loss is calculated with both KWS data and ASR data, while the RNN-T loss is calculated with ASR data so that only the encoder is augmented with KWS data. Second, we use the feed-forward neural network to replace the LSTM for prediction network modeling. Thus all possible prediction network outputs could be pre-computed for decoding. Third, we further improve the model with transfer learning, where a model trained with 160 thousand hours of ASR data is used to initialize the KWS model. On a self-collected far-field wake-word testset, the proposed RNN-T system greatly improves the performance comparing with a strong "keyword-filler" baseline.