Cross-Modal Bottleneck Fusion for Noise Robust Audio-Visual Speech Recognition

Abstract

Audio-Visual Speech Recognition (AVSR) leverages both acoustic and visual cues to improve speech recognition under noisy conditions. A central question is how to design a fusion mechanism that allows the model to effectively exploit visual information when the audio signal is degraded, while maintaining strong performance on clean speech. We propose CoBRA (Cross-modal Bottleneck for Robust AVSR), a bottleneck-based fusion framework that introduces a compact set of learnable tokens to mediate cross-modal exchange. By regulating information flow through these tokens, the audio stream can reliably access essential visual cues even under adverse or out-of-domain noise. Despite limited training data, our model surpasses comparable baselines and remains competitive with large-scale systems through noise-adaptive fusion, demonstrating both efficiency and robustness. Ablation studies highlight that the depth of fusion is the most critical factor, underscoring its importance in designing robust AVSR systems.