ICLR 2026poster0 citations
t-SNE Exaggerates Clusters, Provably
Noah Bergam, Szymon Snoeck, Nakul Verma
Abstract
Central to the widespread use of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is the conviction that it produces visualizations whose structure roughly matches that of the input. To the contrary, we prove that (1) the strength of the input clustering, and (2) the extremity of outlier points, cannot be reliably inferred from the t-SNE output. We demonstrate the prevalence of these failure modes in practice as well.
nonlinear dimension reductiondata visualizationt-SNE
BibTeX
@inproceedings{
bergam2026tsne,
title={t-{SNE} Exaggerates Clusters, Provably},
author={Noah Bergam and Szymon Snoeck and Nakul Verma},
booktitle={The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
year={2026},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=rrbKiGMA5s}
}