CHoE: Cross-Domain Heterogeneous Graph Prompt Learning via Structure-Conditioned Experts

Abstract

Heterogeneous Graph Prompt Learning (HGPL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for bridging the gap between the objectives of pre-training foundation models and their downstream applications in heterogeneous graph settings. However, existing HGPL methods are primarily designed for in-domain scenarios, whereas real-world deployments often span multiple domains, and the data used for pre-training and downstream tasks may originate from different distributions. Consequently, the applicability of current HGPL approaches is limited in in-domain settings, and their performance typically degrades when application domains shift. To address this serious limitation, we develop CHoE, a cross-domain HGPL method built upon an expert network. During pre-training, we introduce and train structure-conditioned experts, and during prompt tuning, we propose a structure-aware expert routing and load balancing mechanism to select structurally compatible experts for each meta-path view. In addition, we design a prompt-based semantic fusion module to integrate representations across views for downstream prediction. Extensive experiments show that CHoE consistently improves performance in few-shot cross-domain applications, outperforming all baseline approaches.