Geometrically Modulable Gait Design for Quadrupeds

Abstract

Miniature-legged robots are constrained by their onboard computation and control, thus motivating the need for simple, first-principles-based geometric models that connect <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">periodic actuation or gaits</i> (a universal robot control paradigm) to the induced average locomotion. In this paper, we develop a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">modulable two-beat gait design framework</i> for sprawled planar quadrupedal systems under the no-slip using tools from geometric mechanics. We reduce standard two-beat gaits into unique subgaits in mutually exclusive shape subspaces. Subgaits are characterized by a locomotive stance phase when limbs are in ground contact and a non-locomotive, instantaneous swing phase where the limbs are reset without contact. During the stance phase, the contacting limbs form a four-bar mechanism. To analyze the ensuing locomotion, we develop the following tools: (a) a vector field to generate nonslip actuation, (b) the kinematics of a four-bar mechanism as a local connection, and (c) stratified panels that combine the kinematics and constrained actuation to encode the net change in the system's position generated by a stance-swing subgait cycle. Decoupled subgaits are then designed independently using flows on the shape-change basis and are combined with appropriate phasing to produce a two-beat gait. Further, we introduce “scaling” and “sliding” control inputs to continuously modulate the global trajectories of the quadrupedal system in gait time through which we demonstrate cycle-average speed, direction, and steering control using the control inputs. Thus, this framework has the potential to create uncomplicated open-loop gait plans or gain schedules for robots with limited resources, bringing them closer to achieving autonomous control.