2025
Body-Temperature-Responsive Balloon Actuator for Adaptive In-Ear Microneedle Electrode Deployment
IROS 2025
Conventional in-ear electrodes face challenges such as inconsistent skin contact, motion artifacts, and discomfort, limiting their reliability in dynamic conditions. To overcome these limitations, this study presents a body-temperature responsive in-ear balloon actuator (BBA) based on liquid-to-vapo