Kenneth Bollen

Combining Graphical and Algebraic Approaches for Parameter Identification in Latent Variable Structural Equation Models

Measurement error is ubiquitous in many variables “latent-to-observed” (L2O) transformation from the MIIV approach and develop an equivalent graphical L2O transformation that allows applying existing graphical criteria to latent parameters in SEMs. We combine L2O transformation with graphical instru…