2026
Rewarding Doubt: A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Calibrated Confidence Expression of Large Language Models
David Bani-Harouni, Chantal Pellegrini, Paul Stangel, Ege Özsoy, Kamilia Zaripova, Matthias Keicher +1
ICLR 2026poster
A safe and trustworthy use of Large Language Models (LLMs) requires an accurate expression of confidence in their answers. We propose a novel Reinforcement Learning approach that allows to directly fine-tune LLMs to express calibrated confidence estimates alongside their answers to factual questions…