2025
Biomechanical Effects of Arm Endpoint Stiffness During Three-Dimensional Isometric Force Maintenance
RA-L 2025
Arm endpoint stiffness reflects stable hand-environment interaction under varying forces. While this stiffness has been studied extensively in two-dimensional (2D) isometric tasks, its generalization to three-dimensional (3D) space remains unclear. We used a cable-driven device and the perturbation-